Di-ubiquitin (K48-linked) [untagged]


Catalogue Number
60-0106-010
Product Size
10 µg
Price £
£130
Accession Number
P62987
Residues Expressed
n/a
Alternate Product Size
50 µg
Certificate of Analysis Size
10 µg
Species
human
Source
enzyme catalysed
Quantity
10 µg
Storage
-70°C
Concentration
0.5 mg/ml
Formulation
50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 150 mM sodium chloride, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 10% glycerol
Molecular Weight
~17.1 kDa
Stability
12 months at -70°C; aliquot as required
Protein Sequence
Accession number: P62987. For full protein sequence information download the Certificate of Analysis pdf.
QA; Protein Identification
The linkage type (K48) was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry.
QA Activity

Di-ubiquitin cleavage assay: The capacity of the di-ubiquitin substrate to be cleaved was tested using a promiscuous - with respect to ubiquitin linkage specificity - deubiquitylase (GST-USP2). Incubation of the di-ubiquitin for 1 hour at 37°C was compared either in the absence (Lane 2) or presence (Lane 3) of GST-USP2. The reaction products were compared alongside two control samples containing either mono-ubiquitin (Lane 4) or GST-USP2 (Lane 5) only. Cleavage of the di-ubiquitin and generation of mono-ubiquitin was determined by running reactions on a 4-12% ­SDS-PAGE gel and staining with InstantBlue™ (Lane 1; molecular weight markers).


Background

Ubiquitin (Ub) is a highly conserved 76 amino-acid protein found throughout eukaryotic cells. A vast number of cellular processes, including targeted protein degradation, cell cycle progression, DNA repair, protein trafficking, inflammatory response, virus budding, and receptor endocytosis, are regulated by Ub-mediated signalling; where the target protein is tagged by single or multi-monomeric Ub (monomeric Ub attached to multiple sites on the substrate) or a polymeric chain of Ubs (Fushman et al., 2010). This post-translational modification is tightly controlled by an enzymatic cascade involving several enzymes (E1, E2, and E3) and occurs through either an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal Glycyl residue of Ub and the epsilon amino group of a Lysyl residue on a target protein or through a peptide bond between the C-terminal Glycyl residue of Ub and the N-terminal amine on a further Ub. In the former (isopeptide bond-linked) case the substrate protein may either be ubiquitin itself - thus leading to the generation of poly-ubiquitin chains - or another target protein (Fushman et al., 2010). Thus, ubiquitin can be attached to a substrate either as a monomer or as a poly-ubiquitin chain. Further - depending on their linkage type (M1, K6, K11, K27, K29, K33, K48 and K63 linked) - the Ub chains can take different structural forms. Chains containing all eight possible Ub linkages have been found in living cells and different ubiquitin chain types may encode different biological signals, allowing this single protein to mediate many diverse functions (Komander 2009; Weeks et al., 2009; Walczak et al., 2012). The functionality of Ub chains is most commonly associated with their attachment to substrate proteins but there is also evidence that they may also play a role in cellular signalling as free chains (Braten et al., 2012). A mass spectrometry-based study found that K48 linkages account for the largest percentage (29%) of all yeast ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages. The relative abundance of the other linkages were K6 (11%), K11 (28%), K27 (9%), K29 (3%), K33 (4%) and K63 (16%) (Xu et al., 2009). The attachment of K48-linked polyubiquitin chains to proteins is a universal signal for degradation by the proteasome. Ubiquitin chains form distinct structures based on their linkage. K63-linked chains adopt an extended conformation with little interaction between adjacent ubiquitins. In contrast, K11- and K48-linked chains form compact, globular structures with significant ubiquitin-ubiquitin contact (Schaefer et al., 2011). Lys48-linked ubiquitin tetramers are the minimal recognition motif for the proteasome and a K48-ubiquitinated substrate will be degraded within minutes in cells (Thrower et al., 2000).


References

Braten O, Shabek N, Kravtsova-Ivantsiv Y, Ciechanover A (2012) Generation of free ubiquitin chains is upregulated in stress, and facilitated by the HECT domain ubiquitin ligases UFD4 and HUL5. Biochem J 444, 611-617.

Fushman D, Walker O (2010) Exploring the linkage dependence of polyubiquitin conformations using molecular modeling. Journal of Molecular Biology 395, 803-814.

Komander D (2009) The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans 37, 937-953.

Schaefer JB, Morgan DO (2011) Protein-linked ubiquitin chain structure restricts activity of deubiquitinating enzymes. J Biol Chem 286, 45186-45196.

Thrower JS, Hoffman L, Rechsteiner M, Pickart CM (2000) Recognition of the polyubiquitin proteolytic signal. The EMBO Journal 19, 94-102.

Walczak H, Iwai K, Dikic I (2012) Generation and physiological roles of linear ubiquitin chains. BMC Biol 10, 23.

Weeks SD, Grasty KC, Hernandez-Cuebas L, Loll PJ (2009) Crystal structures of Lys-63-linked tri- and di-ubiquitin reveal a highly extended chain architecture. Proteins 77, 753-759.

Xu P, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Cheng D, Xie Y, et al., (2009) Quantitative proteomics reveals the function of unconventional ubiquitin chains in proteasomal degradation. Cell 137, 133-145.